Which activity is NOT associated with the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system?

The parasympathetic nervous system is a division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for regulating rest-and-digest activities in the body. It promotes functions that occur during restful states, facilitating processes that conserve energy and enhance bodily maintenance.

Urination, digestion, and salivation are all functions associated with the parasympathetic nervous system. When activated, this system encourages the bladder to contract for urination, stimulates digestive processes by enhancing gastrointestinal activity, and increases saliva production to assist with food processing.

In contrast, an increased heart rate is primarily regulated by the sympathetic nervous system, which prepares the body for fight-or-flight responses. When the sympathetic system is activated, it increases heart rate to supply more oxygen and energy to the muscles, which is not a function of the parasympathetic nervous system. Thus, the choice that reflects an activity not associated with the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system is the increase in heart rate.